2013年3月1日 星期五

英式英語 vs 美式英語

早前面書有人傳閱一張關於英式和美式詞彙的插圖,條理分明,排列清晰,不失為教學的好工具,讓我也湊一下熱鬧,歸納出一些重點:

1.    英式和美式詞語中有些屬於同一個字,只是拼寫有稍微差別,如 tyre [] vs tire [](輪胎)、jelly [] vs jello [](果凍,港人稱為「啫喱」)、pyjamas [] vs pajamas [](睡衣服)、zip [] vs zipper [](拉鏈)等。

2.    有些詞指的是同一樣東西,但英式和美式卻各自用上不同的詞彙來表達,如 nappy [] vs diaper [](尿布,港人稱為「尿片」)、film [] vs movie [](電影)、lift [] vs elevator [](升降機)、rubbish [] vs garbage [](垃圾)、petrol [] vs gasoline [](汽油)、number plate [] vs license plate [](車牌、牌照)等。

3.    此外,有些英式和美式詞語雖然不同,但並不表示那些詞僅存於英式英語或美式英語,它們的其他意思是兩者共有的,例如:

a)          torch [] vs flashlight [] 的意思是指「手電筒」,但 torch 也可指奧林匹克運動會傳遞聖火的那種火把(或火炬),這個意思英式和美式都是用 torch

b)          rubber [] vs eraser [] 的意思是指「橡皮擦」(港人稱為「擦膠」),但 rubber 本身亦是一種天然物料「橡膠」,可用來造輪胎、靴等物品,這個意思英美共用。

c)          chips [] vs (French) fries [] 的意思是指「炸薯條」,以前這個分別尚明顯,但隨着美國快餐連鎖店盛行,現在不少英國人也用 French fries 或簡言之 fries。不過,另一對容易與之混淆的詞是 crisps [] vs chips [],意思是指「炸薯片」,由於 chips 一詞英美共用卻有別,不得不留神。

d)          underground [] vs subway [] 的意思是指「地下鐵路」,但英式英語也有 subway 這個詞,指「地下人行道」(港人稱為「地下隧道」),至於 underground 有時可指一些地下的秘密組織,一般都是籌劃反政府的地下黨派,這個意思英美同樣用 the underground

e)          football [] vs soccer [] 的分別則牽涉英國和美國的體育文化,英國人喜歡踢足球,固然用 football 一詞(足球當然是用 foot 來踢),但美國人不愛足球運動,反而更喜歡用上肢擺動的橄欖球(或美式足球),美國人稱為 football(要注意另一詞 rugby 亦叫作「橄欖球」,但玩法與 football 有異,詳情請閱維基百科),英國人則稱為 American football,曾經有人感到詫異,何解明明用手部活動卻仍然叫作 ‘foot’ball,這真要問問美國人才知道。至於 soccer 一詞,據說是出自解作大學生辦聯誼活動的社團 association 一詞,縮寫為 assoc,後來把 soc 加上後綴 -er 變成 soccer

f)            holiday [] vs vacation [] 這兩個詞很多人都分不清,以為兩者是一刀切的英式和美式用詞,其實兩詞之間是有灰色地帶的,如果純粹想說「假期」、「度假」、「休假」等意思,則英美兩者分明,如 summer holidays / vacationChristmas holidays / vacationThey went on holiday / vacation 等,vacation 在英式英語則主要是指大學生的假期而已,其餘一律用 holiday,不過如果想說法定的公共假日,則英美都用 holiday,分別在於英式叫 bank holiday,美式叫 public holiday,故此 national holiday(國定假日)絕不能叫作 national vacation

4 則留言:

  1. Great post!
    Haha... I used to say "rubbish bin". Bryan would gave me a funny look. He found it very interesting how the British culture has the influence on me (or all Hong Kongers). But we say "trash" more often than "garbage".
    By the way, I find it funny that some Americans say "pop" and some say "soda". In the same country, people call the same thing differently.

    回覆刪除
  2. Thanks Lok for your comment! You're really very helpful in bringing me a lot of American culture!

    Yup, Hong Kongers should be influenced more by British culture if they have not lived somewhere else. You remind me of 'trash', a word which sounds more 'daily life'.

    I guess "pop" and "soda" you mean is 汽水, right? I don't know it at all, but I do think such things happen in any language. In Cantonese, for example, we can say 硬幣 or 散銀 to mean 'coins'.

    By the way, I have a question about 'cookies'. In Hong Kong, we usually say 'cookies' to mean 曲奇餅 and all other similar stuff as 'biscuits', or less commonly as 'crackers'. In America, is 'cookies' the word for the general meaning of 'biscuits', including 梳打餅, 威化餅, 糕餅 etc?

    回覆刪除
  3. In the case of "pop" and "soda", it is interesting because it is regional related. Check out this link: http://popvssoda.com/

    In the US, "biscuit" is only referred to "American biscuit". "Biscuit and gravy" is one of the American classic dishes. Most of the sweet stuffs are called "cookies" and most of the savory stuffs are called "crackers". 梳打餅 is "saltine cracker". Hope this helps. Let me know if you have any other questions.

    回覆刪除
  4. Wow, thanks Lok. I can't imagine Americans would make a website for the regional distribution of just a few words. It's amazing!

    Your description of 'biscuits', 'cookies' and 'crackers' does help me understand them well. I never expected 'cookies' and 'crackers' had such differences in their taste! I should have more questions, esp those about daily usage, and would ask you again if I get one. Many thanks!

    回覆刪除