現在香港教師就職前一般要考語文基準試 (LPAT),分為英文和普通話。普通話基準試的情況筆者不太清楚,反而英文基準試可以跟大家談談。
英文基準試跟一般語文能力試差不多,共設立四份卷:Reading, Writing, Listening, Speaking。考了這麼多年,一直都是 Reading 和 Listening 達到 80% 以上的水準,而 Speaking 大約是 50-60%,最慘烈的是 Writing,早幾年只得 30-40%,近幾年上升至 45-55%,但依然徘徊在合格的邊緣。
想了解為何 Writing 的達標率偏低,要先知道這份卷的考核內容。Writing 一卷分為兩大部分,第一部分是作文,根據題目寫大約 400 字,寫作一般不會給予滿分,但如果不是太差該也不會失太多分。第二部分才是重點,據說是教師眼中的死亡之卷,這部分有標準答案,所以一失分可以傷亡慘重。
此部分又分為 Task A 和 Task B,教師要閱讀一篇模仿學生所寫的文章,當中錯漏百出,Task A 要求教師按劃線的句子改正。在網上找了一篇 sample paper,以下列舉一些例子:
(3) I seed many people screamed on the street. (4) A bigger monster was appear and had been destroying the city. (5) There had a lot of police discussing about what was it and what to do.
正確改法:
(3) I saw many people screaming on the
street.
(4) A big monster had appeared and was
destroying the city.
(5) There were a lot of police discussing what it was and what to do.
Task A 的難度不大,錯處通常都很明顯,但一題會佔 2 或 3 分,視乎有多少錯處,要改正所有錯處才不會失分。
真正考到大部分教師的是 Task B,這部分要求教師解釋錯處,為甚麼會難倒眾多教師?因為對於很多英文水平不俗的人,要他們捉錯處不難,改為正確的句子也尚且不難,但解釋為甚麼句子有錯卻是非常難,不過這部分的問法其實算是相當仁慈,因為每題的解釋已經寫了一個框架,教師要填的是用來解釋的文法術語。
以下挑選三題供大家參考,由淺入深:
Item 13: the protective dome, very dark and crowded
The problem here is that the phrase “very dark and crowded” cannot be placed right after the comma. Instead, the (a) ___________________________________ “which” plus the verb “was” should be inserted before “very” to form the (b) _________________________________ that describes the dome.
要解釋句子犯了甚麼毛病,一般要先知道句子中每一個詞的詞性 (part of speech),通常第一個空格是送分的,例如上面解釋句子後面不能直接寫 very dark and crowded,而要加上 which was,這個 which 叫做 relative pronoun (a 的答案),而 which was very dark and crowded 這種句式就是叫做 relative clause (b 的答案)。我相信大多數教師應該知道 relative clause,但一時三刻未必想起 which 的詞性叫甚麼。
Item 18: I wish this will not happen
The use of the (a) ______________________ “wish” in this item is incorrect. “Wish” is commonly used in (b) ___________________________ situations. Instead “hope” should be used to express a desired outcome.
(a) 是答 wish 的詞性,即是 verb,難題是 (b) 說 wish 一般用於甚麼 situations,後面其實給了一點提示,它說這句要改為 hope 來表達預期的效果,所以 wish 跟 hope 的差別就是在於 wish 後面所表達的是不大可能會發生的情況,換言之就是假設或不真實的 situations,最正宗的答法是 hypothetical,不過如果答 unreal 或 imaginary 也可以接受。
Item 15: The robot was run out of energy, we were safe
There are two problems in this item. The
incorrect verb form “was run out” should be replaced with the (a)
___________________________ tense form to indicate (b)
__________________________________________________________________ .
The second problem is one of (c)
____________________________________________________.
To correct this problem, the writer needs to (d) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
這題的難度最高,除了填充,後面還要自己寫解釋,我起初以為 (a) 想問 active / passive voice,但因為後面給了 ... tense form,那只能從時態上推敲,由於句子前後都用了 past tense,它想強調前一句發生在先,所以要用 the robot had run out of energy,那麼 (a) 要答 past perfect,而 (b) 說 indicate 甚麼就是 past perfect 的定義,即是 indicate an action done / finished / completed before another action in the past。
好了,後面的問題更難,因為提示的字眼不多,你一定要知道這個句子為甚麼不能成立,問題在於前後兩句都是獨立子句 (independent clause),中間卻由逗號 (comma) 分隔,這個情況在英文是不成立的,而這個錯處在技術上來說叫做 comma splice (c 的答案),不過如果不知道這個術語,寫 incomplete sentence 或 punctuation problem 也可接受。至於如何改正這個錯處,有兩個方法 (d 的答案),一是把逗號改為句號,後面開新句 (to change the comma into a full stop and begin a new sentence),一是後句前面補上連接詞如 so (to use a conjunction like 'so' to combine the two clauses)。
由以上所見,Writing 之所以被稱為死亡之卷,因為後半部分考核的是改正錯處以及運用文法術語解釋錯處,若教師本身的文法根底不穩,恐怕難以修正病句,即使教師知道錯在哪裡,也未必知道背後的原理何在,更遑論所涉及的 technical terms,因此 Writing 的達標率一直未如理想。
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